Seasonal Affective Disorder

This means you do not have to “tough it out” each winter. Seeking help early can shorten the course of symptoms and improve your quality of life.

What Causes SAD?

Seasonal Affective Disorder does not have one single cause. Researchers say a mix of biological and environmental factors influences mood when daylight fades.

Several factors may play a role:

• Changes in your internal clock — Less daylight can throw off your circadian rhythm, leading to low energy and disrupted sleep.
• Serotonin levels — Reduced sunlight may lower serotonin, a brain chemical that influences mood.
• Melatonin levels — Shorter days can affect melatonin production, which regulates sleep and mood.
• Where you live — People who live farther from the equator, where winter days are shorter, are more likely to experience SAD.

Family history can play a role in Seasonal Affective Disorder. If a parent or sibling has depression or bipolar disorder, your own risk may be higher. Still, having that connection does not mean you will develop SAD. Knowing about this possibility simply gives you a chance to watch for early signs and take steps that support your mental health.

Common Symptoms of Seasonal Affective Disorder

Seasonal Affective Disorder can affect how you feel, think and function day to day. Because the signs appear at the same time each year, the seasonal pattern is an important clue for physicians. SAD symptoms mirror those of other types of depression. These can include:

• Changes in appetite
• Difficulty concentrating
• Hopelessness or ongoing sadness
• Loss of interest in activities
• Low energy
• Negative self-thoughts
• Sleeping more than usual

For most people who experience SAD, symptoms return at the same time each year and last several months. A smaller number of people experience them in summer instead, although this is less common.

How Is SAD Diagnosed?

If you notice symptoms that return around the same time each year, talking with a health care provider is important. Diagnosis usually involves a physical exam, a mental health evaluation and a review of your symptom history.

“A pattern that repeats for two or more years, with symptoms that lift in brighter months is a strong sign of Seasonal Affective Disorder,” said Dr. Chohan. “Spotting that pattern helps distinguish SAD from other types of depression and gives patients a clearer path toward the right care.”

What are the Treatment Options for SAD?

The good news is that there are ways to treat SAD. While symptoms can feel overwhelming, multiple approaches work well on their own or in combination. Providers can develop a treatment plan tailored to each person’s needs, which makes recovery both possible and realistic. Many people notice real improvement through one or more of the following:

• Light therapy: Sitting near a special light box for about 20–30 minutes a day can mimic natural sunlight and lift mood.
• Counseling: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps people recognize negative thought patterns and replace them with healthier ways of thinking.
• Medication: Prescription medications may be an option when symptoms are more severe or other treatments aren’t enough.
• Lifestyle habits: Daily walks outdoors, regular exercise, healthy nutrition and good sleep habits can make a big difference.

Light therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy are two of the most effective treatments for SAD. Many patients feel better within weeks of starting treatment.

Finding Hope and Support

SAD can feel discouraging, but help is available. You are not alone. Most people find their mood, energy and outlook improve with the right diagnosis and treatment. If you or someone you love experiences symptoms each winter, reach out to a health care provider and explore options that fit your needs.