Common Food Allergies

Food Allergy Symptoms

Food allergy symptoms can appear within minutes or up to two hours after eating the triggering food. Reactions can vary in intensity. Sometimes, the same person may experience different symptoms at different times.

Common signs of a reaction include:

• Dizziness, fainting or sudden drop in blood pressure
• Hives or an itchy skin rash
• Itching or tingling in the mouth or throat
• Nausea, stomach pain, vomiting or diarrhea
• Swelling of the lips, tongue, face or throat
• Wheezing, coughing or shortness of breath

In severe cases, a person may experience anaphylaxis, a dangerous, whole-body allergic reaction. Anaphylaxis symptoms may include throat tightness, difficulty breathing, rapid pulse or loss of consciousness. In these cases, immediate treatment with epinephrine (EpiPen) medication is essential, followed by emergency medical care. Always call 911 right away after using an EpiPen.

Why Do Allergies Develop?

The exact answer is not always clear, but research points to several factors that may contribute to food allergies:

• Age — Food allergies are more common in young children. As they grow and their immune system matures, their body becomes less likely to react to the same triggers.
• Environmental influences — Early exposure to allergens, antibiotic use and where you live may affect how your immune system develops tolerance.
• Genetics — If parents or siblings have allergies, asthma or eczema, your risk increases.
• Other allergic conditions — People with hay fever, asthma or eczema are more likely to develop food allergies. Likewise, if you already have a food allergy, you are at a higher risk of developing another.

It is important to distinguish food allergies from food intolerances. Intolerances, such as lactose intolerance, involve the digestive system and do not trigger an immune response. They may cause discomfort, but they are not life-threatening.

Tests for Allergies

If you suspect a food allergy, it is best to consult a physician rather than trying to figure it out on your own. Many people mistake intolerances or sensitivities for allergies, which can lead to unnecessary restrictions or missed diagnoses.

• There is no single test to confirm a food allergy. Instead, your physician may start by asking about your symptoms and family history. Then, they may perform a physical exam along with other tests, such as:
• Blood test — This test measures the level of antibodies, called immunoglobulin E (IgE), that your body produces in response to allergens.
• Elimination diet — Your physician may recommend removing and reintroducing certain foods under supervision to pinpoint the trigger.
• Oral food challenge — You will eat small, increasing amounts of the allergen in a controlled medical setting to confirm a reaction.
• Skin prick test — A physician places a small amount of the suspected allergen on your skin. If you are allergic, a raised bump or redness appears.

Understanding Food Allergy Risks

If you have a food allergy, you might feel anxious about dining out, traveling or attending social events. Parents often worry about keeping their child safe at school, birthday parties or playdates. Those feelings are completely normal, and they are part of learning to live safely with an allergy.

Even small amounts of an allergen can trigger symptoms in some people. Repeated exposure can also lead to more severe reactions over time, which is why being prepared and informed is so important.

Some groups are at higher risk for serious reactions, including:

• Anyone who has had anaphylaxis before
• People with asthma, especially if it is poorly controlled

Tips for Living Safely with Food Allergies

Although managing a food allergy takes extra care, it does not have to take over your life. Here are some simple ways to protect yourself and reduce stress around everyday choices:

• Always carry emergency allergy medication — Keep an epinephrine auto-injector with you at all times, and make sure those close to you know how to use it.
• Educate others — Family and friends should know what foods to avoid around you and how to respond in an emergency.
• Plan ahead when dining out — Let restaurant staff know about your allergy. Ask how they prepare meals and if there is a risk of cross-contact. Many restaurants now offer allergen-friendly menus.
• Read ingredient labels carefully — Food labels are required to list the nine major allergens.
• Watch for cross-contact — Even if a food does not contain your allergen, it may come in contact with it during processing or preparation. Use separate cutting boards, utensils and cookware at home.

If your child has a food allergy, teach them to ask about ingredients and spot early signs of a reaction. Many schools now have allergy-safe lunch zones and clear labeling polices to reduce risks.

What Treatment Options Are Available?

“Currently, there is no cure for food allergies, but ongoing research offers new hope,” said Dr. Chohan. “Instead, I help my patients focus on prevention and preparedness.”

Avoidance

Avoiding the allergen completely remains the most effective strategy to prevent reactions. Learn to read food labels, spot hidden sources and communicate your dietary needs.

Emergency Response

Epinephrine is the first-line treatment for severe allergic reactions. Even if symptoms improve after using an EpiPen, always call 911 or visit the nearest emergency department.

Oral Immunotherapy

Some allergists offer oral immunotherapy (OIT), which involves consuming very small, controlled amounts of an allergen over time to help your body build tolerance. While not a cure, it may reduce the severity of reactions for some people, especially children.

Follow-Up and Support

Food allergies can change over time, so be sure to schedule regular follow-ups with your physician. They can suggest testing, review medications and explore new treatment options as they become available.